| BYGL - September 3, 2009 |
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This is the 22nd 2009 edition of the Buckeye Yard and Garden Line (BYGL). BYGL is developed from a Tuesday morning conference call of Extension Educators, Specialists, and other contributors in Ohio. BYGL is available via email, contact Cheryl Fischnich This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it to subscribe. Additional fact sheet information on any of these articles may be found through the OSU FactSheet database http://plantfacts.osu.edu/. BYGL is a service of OSU Extension and is aided by major support from the ONLA (Ohio Nursery and Landscape Association) http://onla.org/ ; http://buckeyegardening.com/ to the OSU Extension Nursery, Landscape and Turf Team (ENLTT). Any materials in this newsletter may be reproduced for educational purposes providing the source is credited. BYGL is available online at: http://bygl.osu.edu, a web site sponsored by the Ohio State University Department of Horticulture and Crop Sciences (HCS) as part of the "Horticulture in Virtual Perspective." The online version of BYGL has images associated with the articles and links to additional information. Following are the participants in the September 1st conference call: Pam Bennett (Clark); Barb Bloetscher (C. Wayne Ellett Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic (CWEPPDC)); Joe Boggs (Hamilton); Cindy Burskey (Clermont); Jim Chatfield (Horticulture and Crop Science and Plant Pathology); Erik Draper (Geauga); Dave Dyke (Hamilton); Gary Gao (Delaware); Dave Goerig (Mahoning); Tim Malinich (Lorain); Dave Shetlar (Entomology); Amy Stone (Lucas); Nancy Taylor (CWEPPDC); and Curtis Young (Hancock). In This Issue:
1. WEATHERWATCH. The following weather information summarizes data collected at various Ohio Agricultural Research Development Center (OARDC) Weather Stations spanning the dates: August 1-August 31, 2009, with the exception of the soil temperatures which are readings from Wednesday, September 2, 2009 at 6:05 p.m. Many BYGLers reported experiencing cool overnight temperatures. Recent weekend rains were scattered and some areas remain dry.
For a link to the OARDC Weather Stations, visit: http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/centernet/weather.htm
2. HORT SHORTS.A. LOADED WITH GIANT GREEN TOMATOES.
According to B. Rosie Lerner, Extension Consumer Horticulturist of Purdue University, the optimum temperature range for ripening mature green tomatoes is 68 F-77 F. The further temperatures stray from the optimum, the slower the ripening process will be. And, when temperatures are outside the optimum range for extended periods, conditions may become so stressful that the ripening process virtually halts. At the same time, tomatoes do not produce lycopene and carotene, the pigments responsible for ripe tomato color, when temperatures are above 85 F. Thus extended periods of extreme heat will cause tomatoes to stop ripening. The resulting fruits often appear yellowish green to yellowish orange. If tomatoes are not ripening in the field or are ripening too slowly for the gardener's preference, the tomato ripening process can be sped up indoors with the aid of ethylene, a ripening hormone. Gardeners can pick a few mature green tomatoes and place them in a plastic bag with a couple of apples or bananas. Keep in mind that not all green tomatoes are the same. Based on an article by Carl Wilson, Colorado State University Cooperative Extension Agent, Horticulture, gardeners need to "Eliminate extremely green fruit, as research shows it's more likely to spoil than ripen and never develops the flavor consumers want anyway. Mature green fruit (fruit that has not developed the preferred color) will develop good flavor. Mature green tomatoes are well sized and have turned light green to white. If cut open, seeds are encased in gel and no empty cavity space is present." For more information go to: http://www.coopext.colostate.edu/4dmg/VegFruit/ripening.htm . The bag of mature green tomatoes with apples or bananas needs to be placed on a windowsill on the south side of the house. Ripe apples and bananas release ethylene gas, which in turn promotes ripening of tomatoes. Make sure that the green tomatoes do not have mechanical injuries. Otherwise, these tomatoes can rot very quickly. For more information, see: B. POISON IVY - AN UNHOLY TRINITY: PART II. Two weeks ago in BYGL we highlighted Susan Carol Hauser's 80 page book titled, "Field Guide to Poison Ivy, Poison Oak and Poison Sumac: Prevention and Remedies," published by FalconGuides. It is full of interesting and useful facts about poison ivy. Here is Part II, highlighting what you can do about poison ivy. When you know you were exposed and can do something quickly, wash off with plenty of tepid water. After a few hours, dab at the affected areas with rubbing alcohol. If you get to the rash and itch phase, there are creams and ointments that help with the itching, and if the problem is severe there are corticosteroids that doctors prescribe to interfere with the allergic reaction. If the problem is bad, and especially if you have inhaled urushiol-laced smoke, consult your physician immediately. How about jewelweed, the wild impatiens that is touted as a folk remedy for poison ivy by many? Maybe. A study published in 1991 in the wonderfully-named Journal of Wilderness Medicine did not show any beneficial effects from jewelweed juices applied to the skin, but hope springs eternal. In fact, you may not want to read the next few sentences. The effects of jewelweed that people swear are real may simply be the placebo effect. People studying human psychology and health say that even with rigorous testing 15% or more of people benefit from medicines that do not seem to have any rational basis in effectiveness. Possibly, the feeling of well-being itself results in production of chemicals that help with healing - at least for certain maladies. Or perhaps the tests to date to investigate jewelweed as a poison ivy cure are in some way flawed. Your choice. To close, here are two ancient quotes from Susan Hauser's book, a book which again Jim Chatfield recommends for its clear-cut prose, its interesting stories, and its excellent bibliography of supporting information. From Outdoor magazine in 1902, "Look at that aged specimen about the fence post, like a highwayman, lying in wait for the barefoot youngsters as they climb the fence to take a short cut to the swimming hole." And from Edwin Rollin Spencer in All About Weeds, from 1940, "Whether it stands or crawls it is the same old Satan and should be designated as such."
C. PLANTS OF THE WEEK.
3. GREEN SHORTS.A. AMENDING RAIN GARDEN SOILS. Soil amendments are grouped into two general categories, organic (e.g. compost, peat moss, bark fines, etc.), and inorganic (e.g. sand, lime, stone, etc.). Fibrous organic amendments, such as pine fines or compost, are preferred for improving drainage because they provide both physical and horticultural benefits. These benefits include: *Enhancing water movement and plant root growth by making the soil more porous. *Holding some soil moisture to support the continual growth and survival of plants. *Releasing nutrients to support plant health and the health of soil micro- and macro-organisms. *Promoting the development of good soil structure by supporting the formation of "soil aggregates." Soil aggregates are created when soil particles (e.g. sand, silt, clay, organic material, etc.) are held together by sticky substances ("microbial glue") exuded by soil micro- and macro-organisms. The aggregates provide the following benefits: *Large pores (macropores) are formed between the aggregates allowing water to more easily flow into and through the soil. Aggregated soil significantly enhances water infiltration. *The macropores support plant root growth and development by loosening the soil and permitting increased aeration. *Clay particles within the aggregates will hold onto plant nutrients. The particles will also hold some soil moisture to support plant growth. Many, perhaps most, rain garden manuals recommend the use of sand to achieve good drainage. These recommendations range from amending the existing soil with various percentages of sand to completely removing the existing soil and replacing it with sand. While sand will provide rapid drainage, at least initially, the use of sand is not recommended as a soil amendment for areas in which the soil is not naturally sandy (at least 50% by volume) for the following reasons: *When sand is added to a clay soil, the pore spaces between the large sand particles will become filled with the small clay particles. This produces a soil density that mimics concrete! A soil must consist of 50-60% sand by volume before it will enhance water infiltration without becoming negatively affected by the clay particles. *Removing the existing soil and replacing it with sand means sand must be purchased and hauled to a rain garden site. The existing soil must be hauled away for disposal. Both add to the costs and overall complexity in constructing a rain garden. *Sand has a very low cation exchange capacity (CEC), which is a measure of the soil's ability to hold onto plant nutrients. This means nutrients must constantly be added to sandy soil. This creates an ongoing risk that the nutrients will wash through the sand to contaminate the ground water beneath the rain garden. For further information on rain gardens please refer to "Landscape Systems for Managing Storm Water in Southwest Ohio" and "Rain Garden Guidelines for Southwest Ohio" at: http://hamilton.osu.edu/landscape-stormwater-management .
4. CLINIC CLIPS. None were submitted.
5. BUGBYTES.A. FALL WEBWORM OR AMERICAN WHITE MOTH?
For more information, see: B. RETURN ENGAGEMENT OF BOOGIE-WOOGIE APHIDS.
Beech blight aphids enshroud themselves in a profuse mass of white, wool-like filaments. Large numbers these "woolly aphids" will gather together in prominent colonies on twigs, branches, or on the underside of leaves of American beech trees. When a colony is disturbed, the aphids pulse their posterior ends in unison. This peculiar behavior has been very accurately described in past BYGL reports as making the aphids look like "dancing dust balls doing the boogie-woogie." Aphid colonies are usually relegated to a few branches. However, they are prolific producers of honeydew causing branches, sidewalks, parked cars, slow-moving gardeners, etc., beneath the colonies to become covered in sticky goo. Indeed, Jim noted that he was able to easily find aphid colonies in a local park by observing circular or semi-circular spots on a boardwalk covered with sticky honeydew. The honeydew on leaves and branches may become heavily colonized by black sooty molds converting the gummy accretions into blackish or amber heaps. Despite the aphid's malevolent sounding common name, their damage appears to cause no approachable harm to the overall health of infested trees. On small trees, they are easily controlled with a focused stream of water converting the aphid's dance into a cascading water ballet. For more information, see:
C. OAK LOBED GALLS ARE EVIDENT.
D. PSYLLID HOME INVADERS ON THE WING.
E. AN UNUSUAL GOLDENROD GALL.
F. PIGMY HUMMINGBIRDS?
The largest of these fast-flying moths is the HUMMINGBIRD CLEARWING (Hemaris thysbe). This moth has a greenish body and a dark reddish-brown band near the back of the body. Its wing-span is nearly 2", and the wings are almost devoid of scales, thus the common name. A less common species is the SLENDER CLEARING (Hemaris gracilus) which is slightly smaller than the hummingbird clearwing. This moth also has a more yellow body and a gold ring between the yellow portion and the dark band near the abdomen. Another Sphinx moth that looks like something that it's not is the SNOWBERRY CLEARWING (Hemaris diffinis). The moth has the size and coloring of a bumble bee, and a wing-span of 1 1/4". Although they don't land on a flower like bees, most people are not willing to get close enough to notice the difference! The caterpillars of these moths are called "hornworms;" however, none of these species are considered pests since they feed on such things as honeysuckle, Virginia creeper, and other plants that are generally considered weeds. For more information, see:
6. DISEASE DIGEST.A. IT'S A SMALL, SMALL WORLD…that we're living in. If Disneyland says so, who's to argue? Emerald ash borer, Japanese beetles, cabbageworms. Late blight of potato, apple scab, lilac powdery mildew. What is different about these two lists? The first was of insect pests of plants and the second list was of infectious plant diseases. Are these distinctions without a difference as Winston Churchill would say, or are there fundamental differences between insect pests and infectious plant diseases? This past week Jim Chatfield and his co-hort Joe Boggs gave a program comparing and contrasting pests and diseases. Joe is an entomologist who truly bugs everyone with his details about insects, mites, and spiders. Jim studies plant diseases and therefore is a plant pathologist - and, some would say, a pathological liar! First and foremost, a major difference between insect pests and the plant pathogens that cause infectious diseases is their size. You might think that insects are small. Japanese beetles are depressingly easy to see, but a herd of aphids seem to build up before you truly notice. Mites are smaller yet, and usually we begin noticing mites by their damage: stippling and speckling of leaves on our house plants or the evergreens in our landscape. Small - but nowhere near as small as plant pathogens, which include certain fungi, bacteria which are smaller yet, and viruses - even smaller, and a few other pathogenic organisms. One of the best illustrations of this size is a drawing from a wonderful 1939 book (recently republished) called The Advance of the Fungi by E.C. Large (how ironic). The drawing has two scales, one in microns (a millionth of a meter), which is hard to visualize, and another drawing which uses as its scale, represented as a big circle, the mark that would be made by a very fine needle on a cigarette paper. In other words, that big circle, to scale, is really only a tiny dot on a paper in terms of real size. Next to this circle are drawings of various infectious plant pathogens: powdery mildew fungi, the fungal spores that cause potato late blight disease, and tiny clusters of bacterial cells. What you notice is that a dozen or more powdery mildew spores would fit in this tiny dot, hundreds if not thousands of bacterial cells would fit in this dot - all of these are microscopic in size. And viruses - so small that they are not even detectable using light microscopes - electron microscopes are needed. Why does this matter from a practical sense? Size matters in this case because when it comes to these microscopic plant pathogens we never see when fungal spores or bacterial cells arrive on leaves. You will never see the spores of the rose black spot fungus (Diplocarpon rosae) land on rose leaves, blown by the wind from infested plants. You will never see that spore germinate when it receives a requisite amount of leaf moisture. You will never see the fungus penetrate the leaf tissue, moving into the leaf and enzymatically digesting plant tissue. You will never see this host-parasite infection develop. Only a week or so after all this will you actually see the result of this - black spots on leaves, and eventually leaf yellowing and drop. Unfortunately, by then it is too late to do anything about the infection and resultant plant damage. With Japanese beetles we can see the populations build and then we can decide what we want to do: use an insecticide, collect and remove the beetles from the planting, etc. But with a plant pathogen we cannot wait - we need to prevent the problem from developing in the first place, even though we cannot see it happening before our very eyes. Unfair? Certainly, but Nature is unconcerned with fairness from the perspective of our potato-growing and rose-admiring species. Insect pests are frustrating, but plant diseases are more frustrating because of the very nature of this invisible menace. It was that way back in the 1840s when potato late blight invisibly invaded Ireland. At that time the populace were unarmed philosophically with the "germ theory of disease" we now have to understand that things we cannot see can have devastating effects. The Gardener's Chronicle of the time read "It was suggested that the rot might be caused by static electricity--generated in the atmosphere by the issuing puffs of smoke and steam from the hundreds of railway locomotives that had recently come into use, and for all that was surely known it might equally well be due, as others supposed, to mortiferous vapours or 'miasmas' rising from blind volcanoes." Sounds silly, but let's admit it, to some extent we still have trouble grappling with this invisible world. Truth be told, many of our current reports in the news sound similar at times. How can this invisible cloud bring us invisible to the naked eye pathogens that lead to disease? In 1845 one Father Matthew wrote, "On July 27th I passed from Cork to Dublin, and this doomed plant bloomed in all the luxuriance of an abundant harvest. Returning on August 3rd I beheld with sorrow one wide waste of putrefying vegetation." In fact, on July 27 the doom was probably already fated: the potato plants had already become invisibly infected by microscopic spores of the late blight fungus (Phytophthora infestans) with the awful symptoms in full fateful array the week of Father Matthew's return. Our modern knowledge of all this - fostered by our "seeing" the fungus with the help of microscopic aids - allows us to understand the life cycle of the fungus and the disease cycle of this malady. We then time fungicide applications to prevent infections before the fungus enters the leaves, and to more successfully breed late blight resistant potatoes, and use sanitation practices to limit the fungal survival between growing seasons. We still like to believe, though, only in what we see. Yet the wonders of nature sometimes reveal themselves at levels and in layers less accessible to our everyday capabilities of detection. It's a small small world that we're living in…All together now…It's a small, small world. B. LANGUISHING IN LATE BLIGHT.
7. TURF TIPS.A. WHITE MOTHS PLAYING CHICKEN WITH LAWN MOWER.
Vagabond sod webworm has only one generation a year. The adults that are active in September will mate and lay eggs over the turfgrass. The caterpillars (larvae) that hatch from the eggs will feed through late fall. These caterpillars will overwinter and return to feeding in early spring. Once they have finished feeding, they will form a pupal case and remain there in the pupal case as a pre-pupa through the summer until late August. At this time they will pupate, finish their development and emerge as adults in September. Since the caterpillar of this species feeds only in the late fall and early spring when the turf is actively growing, they seldom cause damage to turfgrass. However, golf course turf managers may need to protect their greens and tees from this webworm. The vagabond sod webworm's lifecycle also explains why summer applications of insecticides do not control their populations, because the caterpillar is in a pre-pupal, inactive stage, not feeding and limited in its exposure to insecticides. For more information, see:
8. INDUSTRY INSIGHTS.A. MITES MAY TRANSITION EARLY -- START MONITORING!
Spruce spider mite plant hosts include spruce, arborvitae, juniper, hemlock, pine, Douglas-fir, true firs, and sometimes other conifers. The mites feed by rupturing individual cells of the host's foliage, producing characteristic tiny yellow spots, or "stippling." As the stippling coalesces, foliage becomes bleached and eventually bronze-colored. Inner foliage is generally affected first. A "beating tray" is the most effective tool for discovering and assessing spruce spider mite populations. This tool can be a purchased piece of equipment, or simply a stick and an 8.5" x 11" tablet of white paper. Hold the white target beneath the conifer foliage and strike the foliage several times with a stick or rod causing the mites to drop onto the target. Next, tilt and lightly tap the collection paper or tray to allow plant debris to fall off. Look closely for small, slow-moving dots, not much bigger than the period at the end of this sentence. These are the spider mites. The faster moving dots are likely to be predaceous mites; the good guys that feed on the spider mites. A finger can be used to "mash and smear" the mites to further distinguish the good mites from the bad. Greenish-brown streaks are "pate de spider mite." Effective management efforts include washing (syringing) mites from the foliage using a heavy stream of water, applications of soaps and oils, or applications of traditional miticides. Syringing will conserve predaceous mites, but may be difficult on large trees or large numbers of trees. Soaps and oils are also kind to predators, but oils will wash away the blue color on Colorado blue spruce. Certain miticides such as spiromesifen (e.g. Judo), hexythiazox (e.g. Hexygon, Savey), and bifenzate (e.g. Floramite), as well as a few others, have low impacts on beneficials. For more information, see:
B. EMERALD ASH BORER CONFIRMED IN TWO SOUTHERN OHIO COUNTIES.
Specimens confirmed by United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) mark the first known infestations in both counties. The Pike County specimen was taken from a purple trap in Mifflin Township, and the Scioto County specimen was taken from a purple trap in Clay Township. Purple traps are detection tools set and monitored by ODA employees. Since EAB was first discovered in Ohio in 2003, the department has placed 52 counties under quarantine. The quarantine makes it illegal to transport ash trees, parts of ash trees, and all hardwood firewood from any quarantined county into a non-quarantined county without a compliance agreement from the ODA. Violation of this quarantine could result in fines up to $4,000. Due to a federal quarantine, it is also illegal to take these items from the state of Ohio. Firewood dealers, businesses, or woodlot owners interested in marketing and transporting ash trees or firewood from quarantined areas can do so only with a department-approved compliance agreement. These agreements stipulate handling practices that mitigate the artificial spread of EAB. For information on EAB compliance agreements, firewood restrictions, purple traps, and quarantine updates, visit www.agri.ohio.gov or call 1-888-OHIO-EAB. For more information, see:
9. COMING ATTRACTIONS.A. FALL FUNGAL FORAY. For people who just cannot get enough of fungi, especially the fruiting bodies of certain club fungi (Basidiomycetes) and sac fungi (Ascomycetes) that are popularly called mushrooms, check out the Fall Foray held by the Ohio Mushroom Society ( http://ohiomushroom.org ) on September 11-13, 2009 in Hocking County at Clear Creek Metropark Nature Preserve. Check out their website for details on this event that will include extensive mushroom hunting. For details, contact Andrea Moore at (740) 969-8049 or Shirley McClelland at (740) 536-07448. Thalli ho! B. SOUTHWEST OHIO BYGLIVE! DIAGNOSTIC WALK-ABOUT. The sixth 2009 S.W. Ohio BYGLive! Diagnostic Walk-About will be held on Monday, September 14, from 12:00-3:00 p.m., at the Boone County Arboretum at Central Park. The Walk-About will be hosted by Dr. Mike Klahr, County Extension Agent for Horticulture, UK Cooperative Extension Service, Boone County, and Kris Stone, Director, Boone County Arboretum. The state-of-the-art Arboretum is celebrating its 10th anniversary (1999-2009). The Arboretum is truly an impressive ever-growing work in progress that now encompasses 121 acres of park-land, has over 2 miles of paved pathways, and includes over 2,700 trees and shrubs, all labeled and G.P.S. cataloged. For more information on the Walk-About, call Joe Boggs at 513-946-8993. For more information on the Arboretum as well as driving directions, visit their website at: http://www.bcarboretum.org/ or call the UK Boone County Cooperative Extension Office at: 859-586-6101. C. HORTICULTURAL DIAGNOSTIC WORKSHOP IN CENTRAL OHIO ON SEPTEMBER 16. OSU Extension in Delaware County is proud to present a Horticultural Diagnostic Workshop in Delaware Ohio from 9:00 a.m.-4:00 p.m. on September 16, 2009. The speakers for this all-day program will be Jim Chatfield, Gary Gao, and Dave Shetlar. They will show attendees how to diagnose common fruit and vegetable insects and diseases, late-season diseases in the landscape, late-season insects and mites in the landscape and what to do now to prevent these critters from causing damage next year. Attendees are welcome to bring samples to the workshop. Instructors will bring samples as well. There is a $25 fee, which includes the program, lunch, handouts, and a certificate of completion. Space is limited. The registration will be accepted on first come, first served basis. Please follow this link http://delaware-cms.ag.ohio-state.edu/horticulture/upcoming-programs and then click "2009 Horticultural Diagnostic Workshop" for the program flyer. You may also email Cindy Kaelber at This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it or call OSU Extension in Delaware County at 740-833-2030 for a program flyer. D. DIAGNOSTIC WORKSHOP IN NORTHWEST OHIO ON SEPTEMBER 17. OSU Extension in Hancock County is proud to present a Diagnostic Workshop in Findlay, Ohio from 9:00 a.m.-4:00 p.m. on September 17, 2009. The speakers for this all-day program will be Jim Chatfield, Curtis Young, and other OSU Extension personalities. They will show attendees how to diagnose common fruit and vegetable insects and diseases, late-season diseases in the landscape, late-season insects and mites in the landscape and what to do now to prevent these critters from causing damage next year. Attendees are encouraged to bring samples to the workshop for diagnosis. Instructors will bring samples as well. There is a $30 fee, which includes the program, lunch, and handouts. Space is limited. The registration will be accepted on first come, first served basis. Please follow this link[http://hancock.osu.edu/hort/mg.htm and then click "2009 Diagnostic Clinic Information" for the program flyer. Registration Deadline: September 11, 2009. Make checks payable to: Hancock County Master Gardeners. Mail registration with fee to: OSU Extension 7868 CR 140 Suite B Findlay, OH 45840. Contact Nancy Kronberg at 419-422-3851 or e-mail This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it for answers to questions. E. WOOD DESTROYING INSECT INSPECTION TRAINING. Mark your calendars for training on September 16, 2009. This training will be held at ODA in Reynoldsburg. Recertification credit will also be available in Core, 10b and 12. For additional information, check out http://pested.osu.edu . F. PESTICIDE APPLICATOR TRAINING OFFERED. A Trained Serviceperson and New Applicator Commercial School is planned for September 30, 2009. This session will be taught at the Ohio Department of Agriculture (ODA) in Reynoldsburg, Ohio. For additional information on this school, and other educational opportunities, check out the Pesticide Education website at http://pested.osu.edu . G. WHY TREES MATTER FORUM. Registration is now open for the 4th annual "Why Trees Matter Forum." This year's forum will be held in Wooster at Fisher Auditorium on Thursday, October 22nd. We are excited to welcome Joe R. McBride, University of California, Berkeley as our keynote speaker. Dr. McBride is Professor of Urban Forestry in the Department of Landscape Architecture, University of California, Berkeley. His research in urban forestry has focused on the reduction of air pollution by trees in urban areas, the relationship between urban forest characteristics and the characteristics of the biomes in which cities occur, history of the reconstruction of urban forests following bombing during World War II, the transition of natural forests to urban forests in California, and tree selection for California in the face of global climate change. McBride is a member of the Society of American Foresters and International Society of Arboriculture. His presentation for the forum is titled, "Trees Do Matter" and will focus on the importance of the urban forest to children. John Lloyd of Rainbow Tree Care will also join us to talk about the Urban Forestry Institute, Minnetonka, MN and its connection to Ohio State University. For a copy of the registration flier which features a full list of speakers and events for the forum please visit our website at: http://treesmatter.osu.edu or contact Lynn Vogel at: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it . H. DATES SET FOR COMMERCIAL APPLICATOR RECERTIFICATION CONFERENCES. The following dates have been set for recertification conferences this winter. Mark your calendars now!
10. BYGLOSOPHY."One day, the gardener realizes that what she is doing out there is actually teaching herself to garden by performing a series of experiments. This is a pivotal moment." - Margaret Roach
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| Last Updated on Friday, 04 September 2009 16:38 |
